CODENET II - COCCOLITHOPHORID ECOLOGY CRUISE

      14-15th Lisbon June 1999, organisers Mario Cachao, Anabela Oliviera, Hanno Kinkel, Jeremy Young

      In addition to the short report below this cruise is documented on the following pages:

      Cruise report - outline of activities on the ship; Phytoplankton count report; LM and SEM images of typical coccos from the cruise; CTD and nutrient data; Additional data, not verified in detail; map of actual sample sites; some photos from the cruise; CZCS satellite images of the shelf from previous years; Pre-cruise plan; Pre-cruise outline of scientific aims; Pre-cruise participation plans

      Short report


      Introduction
      Within the CODENET network the Lisbon team consists of a group of researchers with unique knowledge of the local phytoplankton. Through participation of the Insituto Hidrografico they were able to invite the network participants to collaborate on local cruises using the RPV Andromeda at nominal cost. An initial cruise, CODENET I, was carried out in April 1999 by participants from ETH Zurich (Christine Klaas, Sabrina Renaud) and U. Caen (Ian Probert), primarily to collect water samples for isolation of new coccolithophore strains. This cruise proved highly successful so the decision was taken, at the NIOZ workshop, to undertake a second cruise with more ambitious objectives.

      Shipboard Participants/activities
      Hanno Kinkel (NIOZ), Aurea Nonciso (U. Lisbon) sampling of (1) phytoplankton biomass for marine biomarkers, particularly coccolithophorid derived alkenones. (2) Seawater samples for nutrient analysis.

      Patrizia Ziveri (VUA) sampling of (1) coccolith derived carbonate for stable isotope and trace metal analysis.

      Christine Klaas (ETH) and Ian Probert (U. Caen) plankton net sampling of living phytoplankton for isolation of new strains.

      Heather Stoll (U. Oviedo) sampling of (1) coccolith derived carbonate for analysis Ca-Sr ratios; (2) bulk phytoplankton biomass for molecular genetic analysis (for Linda Medlin AWI Bremerhaven).

      Kees van Lenning (CSIC-ICM Barcelona) sampling of phytoplankton biomass for pigment analysis.

      Anabela Oliviera (IH Lisbon), Markus Geisen (NHM), Jeremy Young (NHM) collection of (1) filter sampled plankton, collected on both cellulose nitrate (SEM) and cellulose acetate (LM) filters; (2) water samples for phytoplankton analysis using a range of fixatives.

      Manuel Marreinos (IH Lisbon) deployment of CTD/rosette apparatus and logging of conductivity-depth-temperature-nephelometry data.

      Captain Brandao Correia and crew (IH, Portuguese Navy) ship navigation, deployment of CTD, feeding and observation of scientists.

      Ground support
      Mario Cachao (MNHN - U. Lisbon), overall co-ordination and organisation.
      Teresa Moita (IPIMAR Lisbon) pre-cruise advice on local marine biology and post-cruise analysis of phytoplankton samples.
      Steve Groom (NERC-PML) provision of SeaWiFS and AVHRR satellite data and post-cruise data analysis.
      Alexandra Nuante Silva (U. Lisbon), Annelies Kleijne (VUA), Llu•sa Cros (CSIC-ICM Barcelona) post-cruise analysis of filter-sampled coccolithophore assemblages.


      Sampling Strategy
      The shelf off Portugal is narrow and during the summer northerly coast-parallel winds promote upwelling along it. As a result there is a sharp productivity gradient from inshore eutrophic water to offshore oligotrophic conditions. Previous phytoplankton studies in the area have shown that coccolithophorids form a significant part of the phytoplankton and that all the CODENET species occur in the area. This provided excellent conditions for (1) a detailed analysis of the autecology of the CODENET species, for this we needed collection of a limited range of samples from closely spaced stations; (2) integration of the range of approaches being used in the CODENET project, for this we needed bulk sampling from a small number of stations. To meet these two operational objectives we carried out a transect across the shelf collecting samples with two sampling protocols
      (a) Multi cast stations - at five stations we stayed for a prolonged period (1-2 hours) collecting all the sample types. This included (1) use of deck pump for bulk sampling from approx. 5m depth. (2) two rosette casts from the top of the thermocline (10-30m) for bulk sampling (3) one or two rosette casts to sample from 4 depths for phytoplankton, nutrient, chlorophyll and coccolithophore samples.
      (b) Single cast samples - at six stations we stayed for a short period only (15-20 minutes) conducting a single CTD-rosette cast in order top collect samples for 4 depths for phytoplankton, nutrient, chlorophyll and coccolithophore samples. In addition the deck pump was used to collect samples for these analyses from 5m water depth.

      Sample depths. Our intention was to sample at the following depths;
      5m - using surface pump
      0.5x thermocline depth
      1x thermocline depth (top of thermocline as judged from the CTD record)
      1.5x thermocline depth
      deep photic zone (50-80m, depending on depth of sea bottom and top of nepheloid layer).
      In practice a clear thermocline was only found at the outermost two stations, elsewhere the thermocline was very shallow (<20m), for these stations we sampled at 5m, 10m, 20m, 30m, + deep photic.


      Overview of activities
      Sunday 13th June
      Pre-cruise workshop (MNHN-U. Lisbon). The cruise track and sampling strategy was agreed, after moderate debate. A basic protocol for handling the water samples and division of responsibilities was agreed.

      Monday 14th June
      Cruise to offshore area. Two multi-cast and two single-cast stations sampled (stations 1-4). The first station took over two hours to sample, reflecting the wide range of activities being carried out. So we reduced the number of stations from 6 to 4

      Tuesday 15th June
      Cruise to nearshore area. Three multi-cast and four single-cast stations sampled. The inner stations were clearly in an area of high productivity, as shown by the water colour, by direct observation of the net samples and by high yields on filters. After completing the inner transect (stations 5-9) we were able to continue offshore to sample two stations (10-11) which had been missed on the first day.

      Wednesday 16th June
      Post-cruise workshop (MNHN-U. Lisbon). Review of results. Discussion of research commitments. Allocation of responsibilities, especially for analysis of coccolithophorid assemblages (a multi-participant task).

      We were fortunate in having excellent weather on both days, this meant that we could work throughout the day. Moreover this also meant that first class satellite images were obtained providing us with overviews of the regional oceanography for the cruise days and maximising the ground-truthing potential of the cruises.



      SAMPLING SUMMARY
      CODENET II CRUISE 14-15th JUNE 1999
      Sampling summary      		 Date 14th June 15th June
      station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
      latitude 38 40 38 41 38 44 38 45 38 44 38 44 38 44 38 44 38 44 38 43 38 42
      longitude 9 56 9 54 9 48 9 46 9 32 9 35 9 38 9 41 9 44 9 50 9 52
      sample depths 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
      9 10 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10
      18 20 20 20 20 15 20 20 20 20 20
      27 30 30 30 30 20 30 30 30 30 30
      80 80 80 80 40 45 70 70 70 80 80
      no. of casts. 4 1 3 1 1 4 1 3 1 3 1
      PHYTOPLANKTON SAMPLES coll by coll for                      
      formalin fixed samples (250ml) JRY, MG TM all 5m all except 5m 5m 5m all 5m all 5m 5m 5m
      multi fix phytosamples (100ml, formalin,acidified lugol, lugol, glut) JRY, MG JRY all         all          
      samples for coccolithophore isolations IP, CK IP, CK net + winch (50m) net net + ?winch net net net net net net net  
      LM filters for coccos (2-4l, on cellulose acetate, 47mm, 0.4micron) AO, MG, JRY MG, MC, SR, LC, PZ all all except 20m all all all all all all all except 20m all all
      SEM filters for coccos (2-4l , on cellulose nitrate 47mm, 0.4micron) AO, MG, JRY MG, MC, SR, LC, PZ all 5m 5m 5m 5m all 5m 5m 5m 5m 5m
      Pigment analysis samples (2l on GFF filters, 25mm, 0.7microns) KvL KvL all all all all all all all all all all all
      SEA WATER CHEMISTRY SAMPLES                          
      stable isotope samples (40ml, fixed w. HgCl2) PZ PZ all all all all all all all all all all all
      nutrient samples (30ml - fornitrate, nitrite, phosphate, silica) HK, CK, AN KvL all all all all all all all all all all all
      Sr?Ca ratio (50ml, filtered through .45micron) HS HS 5m   5m     5m   5m   5m  
      BULK SEA WATER FILTERING FOR BIOMASS AND CALCITE (POM & PIC)                          
      biomass samples for DNA (GFF filters, pres. in EtOH) - 5m pump HS LM     5     5   5      
      calcite samples for stable isotope (various filter types) - 5m pump PZ PZ 20   20   5 17.45 12 10   17.7  
      calcite samples for Sr/Ca (142mm filters, 0.45microns) - 5m pump HS HS 60   30     30   45   30  
      calcite samples for Sr/Ca (142mm filters, 0.45microns) - 20m casts HS HS 20   20     20   20   20  
      biomass for alkenones (GFF filters, 47mm, 0.7microns) - 5m pump HK HK 60   30   10 15   20   20  
      biomass for alkenones (GFF filters, 47mm, 0.7microns) - 20m casts HK HK 20   20     20   20   20  

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      Cruise plan, Cruise scientific aims, Cruise logistics and participation, Please send comments or corrections to Jeremy Young